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Diagnostika parazitárních onemocnění a úspěšnost vybraných terapeutických postupů u lichokopytníků a sudokopytníků
HAVRDOVÁ, Nikola
This dissertation dealt with the diagnosis and therapeutic procedures for the treatment of parasitic diseases in odd-toed and even-toed ungulates with selected anthelmintics. Between 2020 - 2023, 5.359 artiodactyls and 819 solipeds, namely cattle, sheep, goats, aurochs, mouflon, deer, bison, bison bonasus, horses, donkeys and ponies, were microscopically examined for the presence of nematodes, trematodes or cestodes in faecal samples in the Czech Republic. Molecularly, 76 cattle samples, 26 bison bonasus samples and 52 bison samples were examined for the presence of trematodes and C. daubneyi was detected. Parasitic infections were monitored in naturally infected individuals, and during the study no clinical signs suggestive of parasitemia were observed in any of the monitored individuals. The most parasitic infections were evaluated for H. contortus, O. ostertagi, M. benedeni, C. daubneyi and A. perfoliata. As part of the dissertation, a total of ten anthelmintics available in the Czech Republic were chosen, focusing on individual categories of parasitic infections in various animal species. Based on laboratory analyzes of LDA tests, the species of nematode was determined according to the developmental stage of the larvae, which helped to choose the appropriate anthelmintic during treatment. In conclusion, it can be stated that almost all anthelmintics have been shown to be effective in therapeutically treated farm animals.
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Development of soil nematode communities during primary and secondary succession
Benetková, Petra ; Frouz, Jan (advisor) ; Hendrychová, Markéta (referee) ; Renčo, Marek (referee)
Biodiversity loss is one of the biggest threats of our era. Habitats with all the unique species linked with them disappear due to the landscape changes and various mankind activities, namely obtaining of resources. Open-cast mining and intensive agriculture are an example of human activities that vastly degrades soil and diversity of its fauna. Therefore, ecosystem restoration is a way how to mitigate those losses and conserve or even bring back unique habitats. Despite the fact that most of restoration projects aim at plant communities, interest of soil fauna communities restoration increased amongst scientists lately. Nematodes serve as a very useful tool for a soil food web quality assessment. Their characteristics, such as various body length or different feeding habits makes them fit into almost all important ecological niches within the soil fauna group. This together with the fact that they are amongst first to colonize new habitats allows us to track changes in soil food web during primary or secondary succession. Moreover, using similar methodology and specific nematode indices developed over years enable comparison between different habitats and stages of succession. Restoration of soils and soil processes represent serious challenge in many restoration projects. Various restoration...
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Communities of terrestrial nematodes after different approaches to heathland restoration
Radochová, Petra ; Háněl, Ladislav (advisor) ; Tropek, Robert (referee)
Since the 20th century, the distribution of European heathlands rapidly decreased due to agricultural intensification, heavy use of artificial fertilizers or acidification. Therefore, various attempts of heathland restoration are under way in these days. Analysis of nematode community composition can be one of the tools suitable for succession evaluation. In 2011, 2013 and 2014, soil samples were collected from heathland restoration experiment (launched in 2011) where different restoration methods were applied in a 3 × 3 factorial experiment; existing heathlands were also sampled to identify the target community both in dry and wet heathland. A total of 60 samples of extracted nematodes were analysed for absolute abundance, trophic groups, and genera dominance. Various indices were calculated to describe the nematode community. We were able to proove faster development of wet heathlands towards the target community. However, because of large data variability, there was no significant difference between treatments. Development of wet and dry heathlands differed also in increased proportion of omniphagous nematodes in 2013 and predators in 2014 in dry heathlands. After three years of heathland restoration, nematode community has not yet reached parameters of the target community. Key words: Nematoda,...
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Communities of terrestrial nematodes after different approaches to heathland restoration
Radochová, Petra ; Háněl, Ladislav (advisor) ; Tropek, Robert (referee)
Since the 20th century, the distribution of European heathlands rapidly decreased due to agricultural intensification, heavy use of artificial fertilizers or acidification. Therefore, various attempts of heathland restoration are under way in these days. Analysis of nematode community composition can be one of the tools suitable for succession evaluation. In 2011, 2013 and 2014, soil samples were collected from heathland restoration experiment (launched in 2011) where different restoration methods were applied in a 3 × 3 factorial experiment; existing heathlands were also sampled to identify the target community both in dry and wet heathland. A total of 60 samples of extracted nematodes were analysed for absolute abundance, trophic groups, and genera dominance. Various indices were calculated to describe the nematode community. We were able to proove faster development of wet heathlands towards the target community. However, because of large data variability, there was no significant difference between treatments. Development of wet and dry heathlands differed also in increased proportion of omniphagous nematodes in 2013 and predators in 2014 in dry heathlands. After three years of heathland restoration, nematode community has not yet reached parameters of the target community. Key words: Nematoda,...
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Parasites in nutria (Myocastor coypus)
Urbanová, Beáta ; Langrová, Iva (advisor) ; Nechybová, Stanislava (referee)
The aim of this work was published data concerning parasites coypu (Myocastor coypus).
The first part describes the anatomy and the ethology of a coypu. Nutria is a relatively large rodent, native from South America. It lives near the water areas in small family groups which are lead by the old female. Its body is adapted to the life in water. Nutria is herbivores, which eats littoral and aquatic plants. It is a polyestric animal which gives birth to about six nidifugous pups. The nutria is the non-native species in the Czech Republic. The first import of nutrias was held in 1924 from Argentina. After that they escaped from the farms and due to they got into the wild.
The second part of this work characterizes parasites that have been diagnosed in nutrias. Protozoa diseases cause the coccidia and Toxoplasma. The coccidia are parasites of the genus Eimeria and belong to the most dangerous diseases for nutrias. The trematodes (Fasciola hepatica) also occur in nutrias and causing obturation and destruction of the liver. Anoplocephala sp., Hymenolepis octocornata and Rodentolepis avetjanae from tapeworms parasitize in nutria. Additionally nutrias serve as intermediate hosts of Echinococcus granulosus, Multiceps serialis and Taenia tenuicollis. The diseases, caused by parasitic nematodes from class Nematodes, are caused by parasites Trichinella spiralis, Trichuris myocastoris, the worms of genus Strongyloides (Strongyloides myopotami), and the worms from superfamily Trichostrongyloidae (Trichostrongylus retortaeformis, T. myocastoris). Among the most ectoparasitic diseases frequently belong the scabies (Myocoptes myocastori, Chirodiscoides caviae) and Demodex spp.
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Endoparasite infections in sheep and goats in diverse farming systems
UHLÍŘOVÁ, Barbora Isatou
Samples of excrements for parasitological investigation were obtained in two year period 2011 and 2012 on three sheep farms and two goat farms in South Bohemia (a farm conventional, an organic and converting to an organic farming system). A total of 400 samples were examined using four parasitological methods. Thirteen species of gastrointestinal nematodes and one species of Protozoa were recovered. In farms Coccidia Eimeria spp. was the most diagnosed. Results revealed that goats were 1,8 times more often infected with parasites than sheep (x2 = 6,274; d. f. = 1; p = 0, 00576; OR = 1,82). Animals younger 6 months were 3 times more often infected with Eimeria than older ones (x2 = 17,174; d. f. = 1; p = 0,00003; OR = 3,16). Goats were 11 times more often infected with parasites in winter than sheep (x2 = 5,8174; d. f. = 1; p = 0,0050; OR = 10,78). Goats were 2 times more often infected with lungworm infection than sheep (x2 = 8,407; d. f. = 1; p = 0,0019; OR = 1,99). A statistically significant difference in infectious contamination between conventional and an organic system bred animals was not discovered (x2 = 0,0145; d. f. = 1; p = 0,452; OR = 1,05).
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The complex characterisation of nematode Phasmarhabditis hermaphrodita
NERMUŤ, Jiří
Ph.D. thesis "The complex chacterisation of the nematode Phasmarhabditis hermpahrodita" is focused on the study of ecology of slug parasitic nematode P. hermaphrodita, its general characterisation in the context of all nowadays knowledge. The thesis consists the general introduction, that introduces the whole nowadays research of P. hermaphrodita, and four original works, that follow the introductory chapter. The first work deals with the orientation of P. hermaphrodita in 2D and 3D space and reaction on the presence of different hosts or nutritive substrates. The other study deals with the reaction of P. hermaphrodita on various animal and plant nutritive substrates and in the first place the influence of these substrates on the development of nematodes and quality and quantity of progeny. The third scope of this thesis is the influence of intraspecific competition on development, quality and quantity of nematodes and the last part of this text comprises a short study of the persistence of P. hermaphrodita in different substrates, from mineral to organic.
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Intestinal nematodes of horses
JAROLÍMKOVÁ, Alžběta
The intestinal nematodes of horses were investigated in this study. Especially the gastrointestinal parasites of groups Strongylinae and Cyathostominae were studied: Strongyloides westeri, Parascaris eqourum a Oxyuris equi. Study concerns with preventive proceeding of inception of parasitic diseases, selection of right anthelmintics and antiparasitic programmes, resistance of gastrointestinal parasites on anthelmintics and their effective matters. Finally, the possible solutions are suggested based on the study.
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Phylogenetic relationships of some spirurine nematodes (Nematoda: Chromadorea: Rhabditida: Spirurina) parasitic in fishes inferred from SSU rRNA gene sequences
ČERNOTÍKOVÁ, Eva
Small subunit rRNA sequences were obtained from 38 representatives mainly of the nematode orders Spirurida (Camallanidae, Cystidicolidae, Daniconematidae, Philometridae, Physalopteridae, Rhabdochonidae, Skrjabillanidae) and, in part, Ascaridida (Anisakidae, Cucullanidae, Quimperiidae). The examined nematodes are predominantly parasites of fishes. Their analyses provided well-supported trees allowing the study of phylogenetic relationships among some spirurine nematodes. The present results support the placement of Cucullanidae at the base of the suborder Spirurina and, based on the position of the genus Philonema (subfamily Philoneminae) forming a sister group to Skrjabillanidae (thus Philoneminae should be elevated to Philonemidae), the paraphyly of the Philometridae. Comparison of a large number of sequences of representatives of the latter family supports the paraphyly ofthe genera Philometra, Philometroides and Dentiphilometra. The validity of the newly included genera Afrophilometra and Caranginema is supported. These results indicate geographical isolation has not been the cause of speciation in this parasite group and no coevolution with fish hosts is apparent. On the contrary, the group of South-American species of Alinema, Nilonema and Rumai is placed in an independent branch, thus markedly separated from other family members. Molecular data indicate that the skrjabillanid subfamily Esocineminae (represented by Esocinema bohemicum) should be either elevated to the rank of an idependent family or Daniconematidae (Mexiconema africanum) should be decreased to Daniconematinae and transferred to the family Skrjabillanidae. Camallanid genera Camallanus and Procamallanus, as well as the subgenera Procamallanus and Spirocamallanus are confirmed to be paraphyletic. Paraphyly has also been found within Filarioidea, Habronematoidea and Thelazioidea and in Cystidicolidae, Physalopteridae and Thelaziidae. The results of the analyses also show that Neoascarophis, Spinitectus and Rhabdochona are monophyletic, in contrast to the paraphyletic genus Ascarophis. They further confirm the independence of two subgenera, Rhabdochona and Globochona, in the genus Rhabdochona. The necessity of further studies of fish-parasitizing representatives of additional nematode families not yet studied by molecular methods, such as Guyanemidae, Lucionematidae or Tetanonematidae, is underscored.
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Soil nematodes in ungulate grazed and ungrazed forests of the Křivoklátsko Biosphere Reserve -- first results of an ongoing project
Háněl, Ladislav
The effect of ungulate grazing on various woodland ecosystems was studied in oak-hornbeam forest, subxerothermic oak forest, and herb-rich beech forest of the Křivoklátsko Biosphere Reserve. Samples of soil nematodes were taken in May 2006 from plots within enclosures established in 1993 and from plots outside the enclosures. The total abundance of nematodes varied from 248.7 to 790.0 x 10.sup.4./sup. ind.m.sup.-2./sup. and was always greater outside the enclosures. In two cases out of four the difference was statistically significant. Bacterivores were the most numerous nematodes. Their abundance was greater only in one plot outside the enclosure in the oak-hornbeam forest and about one half of the bacterivores were short-living .i.Rhabditis./i.. The abundance of root-fungal feeders (mainly .i.Filenchus./i.) was always greater outside the enclosures than within enclosures.
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